CIVICUS discusses the campaign for a global fossil fuel treaty with human rights advocate Kumi Naidoo, president of the Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty Initiative, co-founder of the Global Artivism Initiative and Global Ambassador of Africans Rising.

A decade after the Paris Agreement, fossil fuel production continues to rise. Many governments are still approving new coal, gas and oil projects, threatening the prospects of limiting global warming to 1.5ºC above preindustrial levels. Civil society and a growing number of states are seeking a global Fossil Fuel Treaty to provide a binding roadmap to halt expansion, manage an equitable phase-out and lay the foundations for a just energy transition. The First International Conference for the Phase Out of Fossil Fuels will take place in Colombia in April.

Why is a global fossil fuel treaty needed and what should it look like?

For over 30 years, the world has been addressing climate change without confronting its root cause: fossil fuels. We have been standing in a flooding room, mopping the floor instead of turning off the tap. Eighty-six per cent of climate change is caused by coal, oil and gas, yet the global system still allows – even subsidises – their expansion. A treaty will give us a clear, fair and binding plan to end fossil fuel expansion, phase out existing production and support a just transition for workers and communities.

An ambitious treaty would have three pillars: no new investments in coal, gas or oil projects, a phase-out of existing production, based on science and equity, and a fast, funded transition that supports communities, workers and global south countries. This is a roadmap to turn off the tap at the source, something the current global system has failed to do.

The First International Conference for the Just Transition Away from Fossil Fuels, co-hosted by Colombia and the Netherlands, will take place in Santa Marta, Colombia, on 28 and 29 April, bringing together governments, experts and communities to develop policies for a transition in line with the Paris Agreement.

How can a treaty succeed where the COP series of climate summits has failed?

The COP process requires consensus from almost 200 governments, including many captured by fossil fuel interests. This leads to deals that are full of loopholes and not very binding. In contrast, a treaty can be negotiated by a coalition of the ambitious, set binding rules to stop expansion and deliver a governed, financed just transition.

This approach works. Think of the Landmine Convention or the Ozone Treaties. They didn’t need every country to start, just enough courageous ones to lead. Almost every major treaty began with a small group of pioneers. Once they move, they can set new global norms, shift finance away from fossil fuels and create economic and moral pressure on those lagging behind. A treaty supported by even 20 or 30 determined states can reshape diplomacy and global markets.

And the courage is already emerging. It’s coming from those on the frontlines of climate impacts: Caribbean and Pacific Island states and even some fossil-fuel exporters such as Colombia, Pakistan and Timor-Leste.

Of course there are obstacles. Powerful fossil fuel corporations drive corruption and political capture. Governments fear losing revenue from fossil fuel extraction and old patterns of global inequality continue to shape the global response. But as has been said before, first they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you – and then you win.

What’s civil society bringing to the process?

Civil society is not just at the table – it’s the one that built the table. This treaty initiative grew directly out of the work of climate justice networks, communities, frontline organisers, Indigenous peoples and youth activists. Over 2,000 civil society organisations now support the Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty Initiative, alongside 101 Nobel laureates, 3,000 scientists and academics, the European Parliament and the World Health Organization. In 2023, Pacific civil society groups launched the Naiuli Declaration, the first endorsement of the treaty by an entire region’s civil society groups, demonstrating the power of grassroots leadership in this movement.

Civil society brings moral courage where governments hesitate, people power where institutions stagnate and art, culture and storytelling that reach the heart in ways data cannot. From the anti-apartheid movement in my youth to Greenpeace to Amnesty, I’ve seen that movements are the midwives of progress. There is vast space and an urgent need for civil society leadership.

Why should organisations and states join this initiative?

Because our children will one day ask us a simple question: when the moment of truth came, did you turn off the tap, or did you keep mopping until the flood swept us away?

Joining the treaty means choosing justice over delay, courage over convenience and solidarity over short-term profit. The treaty must directly improve people’s lives, reduce inequality and safeguard democratic space. It’s not about saving the planet, because the planet will survive us. It’s about saving ourselves, our human dignity and our shared future.

CIVICUS interviews a wide range of civil society activists, experts and leaders to gather diverse perspectives on civil society action and current issues for publication on its CIVICUS Lens platform. The views expressed in interviews are the interviewees’ and do not necessarily reflect those of CIVICUS. Publication does not imply endorsement of interviewees or the organisations they represent.