CIVICUS discusses the future of Syria after the fall of Bashar al-Assad’s authoritarian regime with Alaaiddien Ayoub, founder and director of EPISA, a civil society organisation (CSO) that supports sustainable development, democratic approaches, peacebuilding processes and inclusion in Syria.

Since the fall of Assad’s government in December 2024, Syria has faced a critical period of transition. While the change in leadership has brought hope to many Syrians, there are also significant challenges. The new transitional government, led by Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), a coalition of northern Syria-based Sunni Islamist insurgent groups, faces the daunting task of rebuilding a country devastated by over a decade of civil war. Western states have expressed cautious support, stressing key conditions such as the protection of minority rights, the prevention of revenge violence and a clear path to democratic elections. However, concerns remain about the HTS’s Islamist origins.

What has changed in Syria since Assad’s fall, and how stable is the current security situation?

The most noticeable change in Syria is the perception of a reversal of roles, where those responsible for killings, detentions, torture and persecution now being held accountable for their actions. This reflects a key shift in public sentiment following Assad’s departure.

The authorities have also begun to crack down on drug trafficking and production networks, which should have a positive impact on public security and social stability.

The removal of security checkpoints in former opposition-held areas has significantly improved mobility and reduced the militarised atmosphere. The new leadership has launched investigations and enforcement actions to address crimes committed against detainees and civilians during the previous regime. To prevent potential unrest, it is also taking steps to reconcile with former military and security personnel.

However, some challenges remain. There have been reports of retaliation over personal grievances, although these appear to be limited and localised. While people appear broadly supportive of the new leadership’s stated commitment to security and stability, they are also waiting for the new government to take tangible steps to hold individuals accountable for abuses. The stabilisation of key areas such as Homs and the Syrian coast will likely contribute to an improved security situation throughout the country.

How are Syrians in and outside Syria reacting to the changes?

There’s a mixture of cautious optimism and reservations. People hope the new leadership will improve their living conditions, restore security and revive the economy. Many also hope it will prioritise national unity and preserve Syria’s territorial integrity.

People’s main concerns are the risks of territorial partition and foreign interference, particularly from neighbouring countries with an interest in Syria’s resources or sovereignty. After so many years of suffering, Syrians simply want peace and stability. While the new government has taken steps to address economic concerns, including by improving the exchange rate of the Syrian pound, concerns remain about prospects for elections, inclusive governance and genuine democracy.

Some have expressed reservations about the composition of the transitional government, which appears to disproportionately favour those associated with the former administration of Idlib, a provincial capital long under HTS control. However, the leadership has made clear this is only a temporary arrangement to stabilise the country in the short term.

What’s HTS doing to address international concerns about religious freedom and minority rights?

The transitional government has reassured people of all faiths and backgrounds, including Christians and other minorities, that they have the right to practise their religion freely.

Syria’s diverse religious and ethnic fabric is a source of pride and a key part of the new government’s vision for a secure and prosperous future. Over the past month, delegations from Arab and international communities have visited Syria to stress the importance of protecting minority rights. The interim government has made a public commitment to these principles and is working closely with local communities to address security concerns from rogue armed groups in minority-populated areas, including by restricting access to Christian-majority areas at night.

What are the most urgent reconstruction priorities, and how can the international community help?

The focus is on restoring critical infrastructure such as water, electricity and telecommunications, and getting health and education systems back on track. Teams are working to assess and repair damaged facilities, but the scale of the destruction is immense and there are major financial and logistical hurdles.

The international community has a vital role to play. While some Arab countries such as Kuwait, Qatar and Saudi Arabia have provided some support, it’s not enough to meet the country’s needs.

One of the most immediate steps should be to lift economic sanctions, which are slowing down recovery efforts and disproportionately affecting people. Syrian expatriates and CSOs are playing key roles in advocating for the lifting of sanctions and more international aid to speed up reconstruction efforts.

Immediate humanitarian and infrastructure needs must be addressed while laying the foundations for long-term stability. Democracy can’t thrive in an environment of widespread deprivation. Syria needs continued support in critical areas such as education, health and poverty reduction. Its recovery and democratic transition require a comprehensive, multi-faceted approach that combines international solidarity and local ownership.

Civil society has already proven to be a cornerstone of the reconstruction process. Organisations such as the White Helmets have demonstrated their ability to respond to urgent humanitarian needs. It will be key to empower CSOs to support reconstruction, monitor government activities and promote transparency, accountability and inclusiveness. And this support must be free of external political agendas.

The international community must foster an inclusive political environment, with governance structures that reflect Syria’s cultural and religious diversity. It must encourage dialogue and support CSOs, including EPISA, that are working to move away from divisive narratives, promote a sense of shared citizenship and inspire hope. And it must support fair and transparent elections.