CIVICUS discusses Romania’s elections with Iuliana Iliescu, Secretary General of Asociatia Pro Democratia, a civil society organisation working to strengthen democracy through civic participation.

Two days before the presidential run-off scheduled for 8 December, Romania’s Constitutional Court annulled the first-round results after finding evidence they had been heavily influenced by a Russian propaganda operation. In the first round on 24 November, far-right nationalist Călin Georgescu unexpectedly came first. Initially seen as a minor candidate, Georgescu gained significant support by campaigning on social media, particularly TikTok, and appealing to those disaffected by mainstream politics, including young people and rural and working-class voters. Meanwhile, following the results of the 1 December parliamentary election, pro-European parties that are normally on opposite sides agreed to form a majority government to stop far-right nationalists taking control.

What did the recent elections reveal about the state of democracy in Romania?

The presidential election showed both the strengths and weaknesses of Romanian democracy. Turnout was its highest in 20 years. The presence of diverse political options and a transparent process, monitored by local and international observers, reflected efforts to ensure a fair election.

However, the results revealed some worrying issues. The swift reaction of civil society to the outcome indicated a lack of trust in democratic institutions. Media bias deepened divisions and undermined public confidence. Economic challenges, geopolitical pressures and allegations of foreign interference exacerbated an already fragile political climate. Widespread discontent with the coalition of major parties that has ruled over the past four years has resulted in the rise of far-right parties that exploit social anxieties by using nationalist rhetoric.

This has polarised society, fostered intolerance and undermined democratic and human rights principles. Far-right parties have also weakened civil society organisations. This democratic backsliding has tarnished Romania’s reputation within the European Union. It will require honest dialogue and better civic education and citizen engagement to restore trust and safeguard democracy.

Do you think concerns about foreign interference were properly addressed?

Not really. While the electoral authorities addressed some concerns about the integrity of the vote, they did not fully address the issue of foreign interference.

The Constitutional Court created confusion when it first validated the results of the first round on 2 December, rejecting an appeal by candidate Cristian Terheș and failing to clarify the results of the recount. A few days later, however, it annulled the election, citing evidence of interference by a ‘state actor’ in favour of Georgescu.

This back-and-forth highlighted serious institutional weaknesses and growing public distrust. While recounts can resolve discrepancies in the vote count, they can’t address other forms of interference, such as disinformation campaigns or cyberattacks.

Preventive measures, including stronger cybersecurity, public education on disinformation and international cooperation, are required to address these challenges.

How do you interpret the high voter turnout?

The high turnout shows increased political engagement, particularly among young people, which gives hope for the future of democracy. But it also reflects widespread frustration with a political class that has repeatedly promised change since 1989 but failed to deliver. Many Romanians saw this election as an opportunity for change and voted to express their dissatisfaction with the status quo.

The populist rhetoric of far-right parties also played a role, appealing to disillusioned voters with promises to ‘return the country to its citizens’. But the high turnout wasn’t so much an endorsement of extremism as a rejection of the current political system. Romanians have moved from apathy to action, using their votes to demand accountability and systemic change.

What’s the role of civil society in safeguarding democratic norms?

Civil society is essential for democracy. It monitors authorities, exposes corruption, advocates for accountability and promotes civic education to keep people engaged in public and political life. Human rights organisations are vital in exposing violations and ensuring governments uphold international standards. During elections, civil society can mobilise citizens as independent observers and facilitate public debates to strengthen democratic participation.

To develop effective strategies and increase their impact in upholding democratic norms, civil society organisations should strengthen their collaboration. They should also use technology to mobilise people, hold authorities to account and create spaces for open dialogue. And they should empower people to influence policy and defend their rights. Advocacy for the rule of law, democratic norms and institutional accountability is a top priority.